Twitter Kit for Android includes a Tweet composer.
https://dev.twitter.com/twitter-kit/android/compose
Twitter registers a custom scheme with handlers. The “twitter://post” URL opens a compose dialog in the Twitter app.
An app id and secret are needed if you would like a Twitter user to post to your server, which then posts to Twitter on behalf of the user. The Twitter user would first need to grant your Twitter application permission to post on his behalf, which involves a Log in with Twitter authentication and access grant flow.