It is not broken in Android, since it works correctly in other apps like the gmail app (try open a url with an http based custom URL scheme like http://example.com/action/id and it will offer all apps available, not just the web browsers).
The issue is clearly due to the t.co url shortener. The url does not meet the custom URL scheme and appears to the OS as a standard web url to be opened in a browser.
I guess that if you use a custom, non http based scheme like path:// the link is not shortened with t.co so the OS can act on it.
Please Twitter remove the t.co shortener for the URLs provided in the tag twitter:app:url:googleplay so we can have an optimal user experience.